Skip to main content
ICTP

Breadcrumbs

logo-ictp-white

Main navigation

  • Home
    • About
      • Who We Are
        • Our Mission
        • Governance
        • Institutional Partners
        • Our History
      • What We Do
        • Research
        • Education
        • Global Outreach
        • Recognising Excellence
        • Supporting Gender Equality
      • News
      • ICTP and the Developing World
      • Work With ICTP
      • Open Bids
      • Contacts
    • Research
      • Our Research
      • Research Fields
      • Publications
    • Scientific Calendar
      • Current Events
        • Conferences
        • Schools
        • Workshops
        • Seminars
      • ICTP Special Events
        • Salam Distinguished Lectures
        • Colloquia
        • Ceremonies
      • Events Archive
      • About the Scientific Calendar
        • Attend an event
        • Check your application status
        • Propose an event
        • Host an event at ICTP
        • Contacts
    • Higher Education and Career Development
      • Opportunities Overview
      • Educational Programmes
      • Postgraduate Diploma Programme
      • Master's Programmes
      • PhD and Sandwich Programmes
      • Career Development Programmes
      • Laboratory Opportunities
      • Associates Programme
      • Postdoctoral Opportunities
    • Science Outreach
      • Overview
      • Partner Institutes
      • Affiliated Centres
      • Research Networks
      • Other Opportunities for Institutes
      • Physics Without Frontiers
      • Consortium for Scientific Computing
    • Visiting ICTP
      • Campus map
      • Transportation
      • Childcare and Schools
    • Support ICTP
      • Why Support ICTP
      • Impact
    • ICTP Library
      • Search the ICTP Library Catalogue
      • Resources and Services
        • Licensed Resources
        • Request an Article
        • Postgraduate Diploma & Degree Programmes Textbooks
        • Postgraduate Diploma Thesis Archive
      • For Developing Countries
        • Book Donation Programme
        • eJournals Delivery Service
        • Special Initiatives for Developing Countries
      • About the ICTP Library
        • ICTP Library Staff
        • For Librarians
        • A Brief History
        • Exhibits
      • Contact Us & Opening Hours
  • High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
    • Homepage
    • About
      • Overview
      • Collaborations
      • News
      • Contacts
    • Research
      • Research Areas
      • Publications
      • Research Opportunities
    • People
    • Scientific Calendar
    • Higher Education and Career Development
      • Opportunities Overview
      • Educational Programmes
      • Postgraduate Diploma Programme
      • PhD and Sandwich Programmes
      • Career Development Programmes
      • Laboratory Opportunities
      • Associates Programme
      • Postdoctoral Opportunities
  • Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics
    • Homepage
    • About
      • Overview
      • Collaboration
      • News
      • Contacts
    • Research
      • Research Areas
      • Publications
      • Research Opportunities
    • People
    • Scientific Calendar
    • Higher Education and Career Development
      • Opportunities Overview
      • Educational Programmes
      • Postgraduate Diploma Programme
      • PhD and Sandwich Programmes
      • Career Development Programmes
      • Laboratory Opportunities
      • Associates Programme
      • Postdoctoral Opportunities
  • Mathematics
    • Homepage
    • About
      • Overview
      • Collaborations
      • News
      • Contacts
    • Research
      • Research Areas
      • Publications
      • Research Opportunities
    • People
    • Scientific Calendar
    • Higher Education and Career Development
      • Opportunities Overview
      • Educational Programmes
      • Postgraduate Diploma Programme
      • PhD and Sandwich Programmes
      • Career Development Programmes
      • Associates Programme
      • Postdoctoral Opportunities
  • Earth System Physics
    • Homepage
    • About
      • Overview
      • Collaborations
      • News
      • Contacts
    • Research
      • Research Areas
      • Publications
      • Research Opportunities
    • People
    • Scientific Calendar
    • Higher Education and Career Development
      • Opportunities Overview
      • Educational Programmes
      • Postgraduate Diploma Programme
      • Masters
      • PhD and Sandwich Programmes
      • Career Development Programmes
      • Laboratory Opportunities
      • Associates Programme
      • Postdoctoral Opportunities
  • Quantitative Life Sciences
    • Homepage
    • About
      • Overview
      • Collaborations
      • News
      • Contacts
    • Research
      • Research Areas
      • Publications
      • Research Opportunities
    • People
    • Scientific Calendar
    • Higher Education and Career Development
      • Opportunities Overview
      • Educational Programmes
      • Postgraduate Diploma Programme
      • PhD and Sandwich Programmes
      • Career Development Programmes
      • Laboratory Opportunities
      • Associates Programme
      • Postdoctoral Opportunities
  • Science, Technology and Innovation
    • Homepage
    • About
      • Overview
      • Collaborations
      • Laboratories
      • News
      • Contacts
    • Research
      • Research Areas
      • Publications
      • Research Opportunities
    • People
    • Scientific Calendar
    • Higher Education and Career Development
      • Opportunities Overview
      • Educational Programmes
      • PhD and Sandwich Programmes
      • Career Development Programmes
      • Laboratory Opportunities
      • Associates Programme
      • Postdoctoral Opportunities
Mark Mezard with ICTP students
Who We Are
Uniting the world through science
DISCOVER MORE
blackboard
What We Do
A hub for global scientific excellence
DISCOVER MORE
physics
Research Fields
Fostering advanced studies in physics and mathematics
DISCOVER MORE
Library
Publications
DISCOVER MORE
seminars
12
Jun
2025
High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

HECAP Seminar - Matrix Model and Large N Analysis of Knot, Link and LM...

Hybrid
scientific activity
12
Jun
2025

PWF Sudan: Expanding Physics Horizons in Sudan: Leveraging Online Semi...

Physical
seminars
12
Jun
2025
Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics

CMSP Seminar (Experimental Lecture Series): Applications of X-Ray Abso...

Physical
seminars
12
Jun
2025
Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics

CMSP Seminar (Experimental Lecture Series): Introduction to Absorption...

Physical
scientific activity
09
Jun
2025
13
Jun
2025
Mathematics

Beyond Uniform Hyperbolicity II: Unstable entropy, generalized u-Gibbs...

Physical
school
09
Jun
2025
13
Jun
2025
Mathematics

School on Quantum Topology and Hyperbolic Geometry | (smr 4075)

Physical

Discover all events

MMP graduation
Opportunities Overview
ICTP: A unique, international learning environment
DISCOVER MORE
ICTP Science Outreach
Nurturing sustainable science throughout the world
DISCOVER MORE
Partner Institutes
ICTP has opened four partner institutes
DISCOVER MORE
Campus map
DISCOVER MORE
blackboard with ray of light
About
High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
DISCOVER MORE
HECAP Classroom
People
HECAP Scientists and Staff
DISCOVER MORE
Publications
DISCOVER MORE
Opportunities Overview
Discover ICTP's education and training programmes in high energy, cosmology and astroparticle physics
DISCOVER MORE
CMSP Blackboard
About
Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics
DISCOVER MORE
CMSP Students
People
CMSP scientists and secretariat staff
DISCOVER MORE
Publications
CMSP publications
DISCOVER MORE
Opportunities Overview
Discover ICTP's education and training programmes in condensed matter and statistical physics
DISCOVER MORE
Handheld spectrum analyzer
About
Science, Technology and Innovation
DISCOVER MORE
STI Researchers
People
DISCOVER MORE
Publications
STI publications
DISCOVER MORE
Opportunities Overview
Discover ICTP's education and training programmes in science, technology and innovation
DISCOVER MORE
Laboratory Opportunities
Hands-on experience in world-class laboratories
DISCOVER MORE
MATH Notes
About
Mathematics
DISCOVER MORE
MATH People
People
DISCOVER MORE
Publications
DISCOVER MORE
Opportunities Overview
Discover ICTP's education and training programmes in mathematics
DISCOVER MORE
QLS Bird flock
About
Quantitative Life Sciences
DISCOVER MORE
QLS Research Scientists
People
DISCOVER MORE
Publications
QLS recent publications
DISCOVER MORE
Opportunities Overview
Discover ICTP's education and training programmes in quantitative life sciences
DISCOVER MORE
Man pointing to a map
About
Earth System Physics
DISCOVER MORE
People
DISCOVER MORE
Publications
DISCOVER MORE
Opportunities Overview
Discover ICTP's education and training programmes in earth system physics
DISCOVER MORE
  • Login
  • ICTP Library
  • Calendar
  • News
  • Phonebook
  • Campus map
  • Webmail
  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • Youtube
  • Instagram
  • Linkedin
  • Flickr
homepage

Main navigation (Mobile)

  • Home
    • About
      • Who We Are
          About / Who We Are
        • Our Mission
        • Governance
        • Institutional Partners
        • Our History
      • What We Do
          About / What We Do
        • Research
        • Education
        • Global Outreach
        • Recognising Excellence
        • Supporting Gender Equality
      • News
      • ICTP and the Developing World
      • Work With ICTP
      • Open Bids
      • Contacts
    • Research
      • Our Research
      • Research Fields
      • Publications
    • Scientific Calendar
      • Current Events
          Scientific Calendar / Current Events
        • Conferences
        • Schools
        • Workshops
        • Seminars
      • ICTP Special Events
          Scientific Calendar / ICTP Special Events
        • Salam Distinguished Lectures
        • Colloquia
        • Ceremonies
      • Events Archive
      • About the Scientific Calendar
          Scientific Calendar / About the Scientific Calendar
        • Attend an event
        • Check your application status
        • Propose an event
        • Host an event at ICTP
        • Contacts
    • Higher Education and Career Development
      • Opportunities Overview
      • Educational Programmes
      • Postgraduate Diploma Programme
      • Master's Programmes
      • PhD and Sandwich Programmes
      • Career Development Programmes
      • Laboratory Opportunities
      • Associates Programme
      • Postdoctoral Opportunities
    • Science Outreach
      • Overview
      • Partner Institutes
      • Affiliated Centres
      • Research Networks
      • Other Opportunities for Institutes
      • Physics Without Frontiers
      • Consortium for Scientific Computing
    • Visiting ICTP
      • Campus map
      • Transportation
      • Childcare and Schools
    • Support ICTP
      • Why Support ICTP
      • Impact
    • ICTP Library
      • Search the ICTP Library Catalogue
      • Resources and Services
          ICTP Library / Resources and Services
        • Licensed Resources
        • Request an Article
        • Postgraduate Diploma & Degree Programmes Textbooks
        • Postgraduate Diploma Thesis Archive
      • For Developing Countries
          ICTP Library / For Developing Countries
        • Book Donation Programme
        • eJournals Delivery Service
        • Special Initiatives for Developing Countries
      • About the ICTP Library
          ICTP Library / About the ICTP Library
        • ICTP Library Staff
        • For Librarians
        • A Brief History
        • Exhibits
      • Contact Us & Opening Hours
  • High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
    • Homepage
    • About
      • Overview
      • Collaborations
      • News
      • Contacts
    • Research
      • Research Areas
      • Publications
      • Research Opportunities
    • People
    • Scientific Calendar
    • Higher Education and Career Development
      • Opportunities Overview
      • Educational Programmes
      • Postgraduate Diploma Programme
      • PhD and Sandwich Programmes
      • Career Development Programmes
      • Laboratory Opportunities
      • Associates Programme
      • Postdoctoral Opportunities
  • Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics
    • Homepage
    • About
      • Overview
      • Collaboration
      • News
      • Contacts
    • Research
      • Research Areas
      • Publications
      • Research Opportunities
    • People
    • Scientific Calendar
    • Higher Education and Career Development
      • Opportunities Overview
      • Educational Programmes
      • Postgraduate Diploma Programme
      • PhD and Sandwich Programmes
      • Career Development Programmes
      • Laboratory Opportunities
      • Associates Programme
      • Postdoctoral Opportunities
  • Mathematics
    • Homepage
    • About
      • Overview
      • Collaborations
      • News
      • Contacts
    • Research
      • Research Areas
      • Publications
      • Research Opportunities
    • People
    • Scientific Calendar
    • Higher Education and Career Development
      • Opportunities Overview
      • Educational Programmes
      • Postgraduate Diploma Programme
      • PhD and Sandwich Programmes
      • Career Development Programmes
      • Associates Programme
      • Postdoctoral Opportunities
  • Earth System Physics
    • Homepage
    • About
      • Overview
      • Collaborations
      • News
      • Contacts
    • Research
      • Research Areas
      • Publications
      • Research Opportunities
    • People
    • Scientific Calendar
    • Higher Education and Career Development
      • Opportunities Overview
      • Educational Programmes
      • Postgraduate Diploma Programme
      • Masters
      • PhD and Sandwich Programmes
      • Career Development Programmes
      • Laboratory Opportunities
      • Associates Programme
      • Postdoctoral Opportunities
  • Quantitative Life Sciences
    • Homepage
    • About
      • Overview
      • Collaborations
      • News
      • Contacts
    • Research
      • Research Areas
      • Publications
      • Research Opportunities
    • People
    • Scientific Calendar
    • Higher Education and Career Development
      • Opportunities Overview
      • Educational Programmes
      • Postgraduate Diploma Programme
      • PhD and Sandwich Programmes
      • Career Development Programmes
      • Laboratory Opportunities
      • Associates Programme
      • Postdoctoral Opportunities
  • Science, Technology and Innovation
    • Homepage
    • About
      • Overview
      • Collaborations
      • Laboratories
      • News
      • Contacts
    • Research
      • Research Areas
      • Publications
      • Research Opportunities
    • People
    • Scientific Calendar
    • Higher Education and Career Development
      • Opportunities Overview
      • Educational Programmes
      • PhD and Sandwich Programmes
      • Career Development Programmes
      • Laboratory Opportunities
      • Associates Programme
      • Postdoctoral Opportunities
  • Login
  • ICTP Library
  • Calendar
  • News
  • Phonebook
  • Campus map
  • Webmail
  • Home
  • High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
  • Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics
  • Mathematics
  • Earth System Physics
  • Quantitative Life Sciences
  • Science, Technology and Innovation

Sandro Scandolo

Senior Research Scientist
Sandro Scandolo
Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics
+39 040 2240 4209
scandolo@ictp.it
+39 040 2240 4209
scandolo@ictp.it
LB-248
0000-0003-3826-4813

Sandro Scandolo

14 Nov 2022

Solid State Physics - Lecture 4 of 20

logo-ictp-white

Social link

  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • Youtube
  • Instagram
  • Linkedin
  • Flickr

Governing members

ICTP is governed by the IAEA, Italy and UNESCO, and is a UNESCO Category 1 Institute.

logo-iaea-white logo-repubblica-italiana-white logo-unesco-white

E-News from ICTP

Stay up-to-date with ICTP's latest news, activities and events by subscribing to our monthly e-newsletter.

Subscribe

Your support is essential to advance international cooperation through science. Please click on the button below to make a difference.

SUPPORT ICTP

High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics
Mathematics
Earth System Physics
Quantitative Life Sciences
Science, Technology and Innovation

About

  • Who We Are
  • What We Do
  • News
  • ICTP and the Developing World
  • Work With ICTP
  • Open Bids
  • Contacts

Research

  • Our Research
  • Research Fields
  • Publications

Scientific Calendar

  • Current Events
  • ICTP Special Events
  • Events Archive
  • About the Scientific Calendar

Higher Education and Career Development

  • Opportunities Overview
  • Educational Programmes
  • Postgraduate Diploma Programme
  • Master's Programmes
  • PhD and Sandwich Programmes
  • Career Development Programmes
  • Laboratory Opportunities
  • Associates Programme
  • Postdoctoral Opportunities

Science Outreach

  • Overview
  • Partner Institutes
  • Affiliated Centres
  • Research Networks
  • Other Opportunities for Institutes
  • Physics Without Frontiers
  • Consortium for Scientific Computing

Visiting ICTP

  • Campus map
  • Transportation
  • Childcare and Schools

Shortcuts

  • Login
  • ICTP Library
  • Calendar
  • News
  • Phonebook
  • Campus map
  • Webmail

ICTP - Strada Costiera, 11  |  34151  |  Trieste, Italy
(+39) 040 2240 111
sc-portal@ictp.it

GDPR menu

  • privacy notice
  • cookie policy
  • applicants' terms and conditions
  • cookie settings